Who experiences greater levels of stress: you or your boss? When I ask this question while teaching workshops on leadership, nearly all the bosses in the room respond that they are the ones under greater stress. They’re wrong. Hard data make it clear that nonleaders experience greater stress, and in many instances it has a negative effect on their performance.

Consider two studies published in 2014 by Gary D. Sherman. In the first, a sample of nonleaders in the Boston metropolitan area were compared with middle- to high-level government and military leaders participating in an executive education program at Harvard. The nonleaders showed higher levels of salivary cortisol and self-reported anxiety, two physiological indicators of stress.

A second study looked at the effect that feeling in control had on lowering stress in a group of middle- to high-level government and military leaders. To determine feeling in control, researchers looked at the number of subordinates and direct reports, and the authority to make decisions concerning subordinates. The results supported the study’s hypothesis that a sense of control from having more subordinates and greater authority over them was associated with lower stress as measured by both lower salivary cortisol and self-reported anxiety.

The results of both studies are consistent with those of the pioneering Whitehall studies of British civil servants in lower-status jobs. Those studies found that government workers who were lower in the hierarchy experienced poorer cardiovascular health and lower life expectancies.

Killer Stress and Challenge Stress

At the heart of these findings is the effect of stress. Despite its reputation, stress is not all bad. It really is a matter of what kind and how much. Too little stress and people grow bored. Too much stress and they become overwhelmed. A certain degree of stress, what I call “challenge stress,” actually stimulates people to perform at their best.

“Killer stress”—the stress that comes from feeling that you don’t have much control over your work—is unhealthy and triggers fight, flight, freeze, or stalking behavior in many individuals. These behaviors are damaging to healthy relationships, productivity, and innovation in the workplace. The key to achieving gains in productivity and performance is to create a culture in your organization that preserves challenge stress while neutralizing killer stress.

Connect to Optimize Stress

In my recent book, Connection Culture: The Competitive Advantage of Shared Identity, Empathy, and Understanding at Work, I describe three relevant types of culture to be aware of when it comes to stress: cultures of control, cultures of indifference, and connection cultures.

In cultures of control, individuals with power, control, influence, and status rule over nonleaders, and they are not intentional about getting nonleaders into roles that appropriately challenge them. These cultures increase killer stress and fail to capitalize on challenge stress.

In cultures of indifference, people are so busy with tasks that they fail to develop healthy, supportive relationships and get people into the right roles. These cultures also contribute to killer stress and fail to capitalize on challenge stress.

Only connection cultures dial down killer stress and dial up challenge stress, because leaders and nonleaders alike feel connected to one another through shared identity, empathy, and understanding. On a physiological level, this connection reduces stress-related neurotransmitters and hormones while boosting activity in the reward centers of the brain. People, especially nonleaders, have a greater sense of control, making them more enthusiastic and more energetic, which, in turn, helps them thrive at work.

While working with the NASA Johnson Space Center, my colleagues and I identified more than 100 supporting ways leaders can create a connection culture to maximize challenge stress and minimize killer stress. We describe these behaviors in 100 Ways to Connect, an e-book available at no cost by signing up to receive our newsletter at ConnectionCulture.com.

When you are intentional in creating a connection culture, it preserves the benefits of challenge stress while protecting nonleaders and your organization from the harmful effects of killer stress. An abundance of connection in the workplace will produce greater productivity and happiness, which will help your organization become the employer of choice.

Editor’s Note: This post is adapted from “3 Insights about Stress Every Leader Should Know.”