In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed a new and radically different approach to management known as scientific management (The Principles of Scientific Management, Dover Publications, 1998; first published by Harper & Brothers, NY, 1911). Taylor's work was an attempt to counter the prevalent management practice of his day, which created an adversarial relationship between labor and management. As Taylor saw it, workers used various methods to deliberately work slowly in order to protect their jobs and those of their co-workers. Management, driven by the need to increase productivity, relied on a series of positive and negative incentives to boost output.