The November 2018 U.S. Government Accountability Office report, Federal Workforce: Opportunities Exist for OPM to Further Innovation in Performance Management, noted that “Managing employee performance has been a long-standing government-wide challenge and the subject of numerous reforms since the beginning of the modern civil service. Without effective performance management, agencies risk not only losing (or failing to utilize) the skills of top talent, they also risk missing the opportunity to effectively address increasingly complex and rapidly evolving challenges.”